Agar was first introduced into the laboratory in 1881. Since then, microbiologists have depended on agar to create strong jellies. When microorganisms are streaked or plated onto this jellied surface and incubated, individual cells multiply into distinct colonies that scientists can easily observe, select, and propagate for further experiments. Many of the most important findings in biological research of the last 150 years or so — including the discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tool — have been enabled by agar.4 Agarose, a derivative of agar, is also essential in molecular biology techniques like gel electrophoresis, where its porous gel matrix separates DNA fragments by size, enabling researchers to analyze and isolate specific genetic sequences.
黎智英欺詐案上訴得直：定罪及刑罰被撤銷，出獄時間提前
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Every Tuesday, Guardian rugby writer Robert Kitson gives his thoughts on the headlines, scrutinises the latest matches and provides gossip from behind the scenes in his unique and indomitable style. See the latest edition here.
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